Te Kōwhiringa Hanganga Pūhiko mō ngā Horopaki Utu me te Tukunga Tere-Tiketike: Te Whakatakoto, te Whakataka rānei?

I whakatūria i te tau 2002, he tohunga ki te hanga taputapu whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me te whakaurunga rokiroki pūngao, ā, he hoa pono nō ngā kaiwhakahaere waea nui e whā o Haina.

Ina me tuku e te pūnaha rokiroki pūngao he putanga hiko teitei, he urupare taumata-miritēkona, me te mahi pumau mō te wā roa i te wā kotahi, ehara i te mea he take tukanga hanga-hanga noa iho te hoahoa hanganga pākahiko. Engari, ka noho hei tawhā matua o te pūnaha e whakatau ana i te whakahaere ātete ā-roto, te whai huatanga o te whakahaere wera, me te roa o te huringa. Ina koa i roto i ngā āhuatanga utu/tukunga o 3C–10C me runga ake, ka pā tika te hanganga o roto o te pūtau ki te tohatoha ātete, te porowhita hiko, ngā ara horapa wera, me te whakahaere ahotea miihini.

Mō ngā kaihangarau e mahi ana i te kōwhiringa pūnaha rokiroki pūngao, me mārama ki ngā rerekētanga taketake i waenga i pūhiko lithium tāpae a ngā pūtau patunga He mea nui te whakahaere tika i raro i ngā āhuatanga whakahaere tere teitei kia tutuki ai he hoahoa pūnaha pono.

Ka tātarihia e tēnei tuhinga te mahi hangarau o ngā momo ngā hanganga pākahiko i roto i ngā tono tere teitei mai i ngā tirohanga maha, tae atu ki te ara o ia au, te aukati hikohiko, te whanonga wera-whakahaere, te ahotea hanganga, me te hototahitanga whakauru pūnaha. Ka tūhuratia hoki te uara hangarau mahi i roto i te hoahoa hua rokiroki pūngao o te ao tūturu.

1. Ngā Tikanga Hononga Hiko-Matū-Hanganga i raro i ngā Āhuatanga Tere-Tiketike

I raro i ngā āhuatanga tere iti (≤1C), ko te ngaronga ngaohiko o te pākahiko e ahu mai ana i te ātete ā-roto o ngā rauemi me te ātete kawe katote o te electrolyte, engari he iti noa te pānga o ngā rerekētanga hanganga.
Heoi, ina neke atu te reiti i te 3C, ātete ohmic (Rₒ), te ātete whakawhiti-utu (Rct), ā, ka tere te piki haere o te pōraruraru kukū, ā, ka tīmata te puta ake o te raruraru o te tohatoha iahiko kore taurite i roto i te pūtau.

Ka taea te whakaatu i te ngaohiko pito o te pākahiko penei:

te wahi Rₒ he hononga tata ki te roa o te ara iahiko i roto i te kaikohi iahiko.

I roto i te hanganga patunga, ka tukuna te au i te roanga o te pepa hiko, ka hua ake he ara kawe irahiko roa. He rerekē, ka whakamahia e te hanganga whakarārangi he maha ngā ripa e honoa ana i te taha whakarara hei wehewehe i te au, ka taea ai te haere i roto i ngā hiko i te ahunga matotoru, ka whakapotohia te tawhiti kawe irahiko. I raro i te tukunga pātere tere teitei, ka whakaata tika tēnei rerekētanga o te ara iahiko i roto i te maturuturunga ngaohiko me te kaha whakaputa wera.

E whakaatu pinepine ana ngā whakamātautau hangarau ina piki ake te tere o te tukunga mai i 1C ki 5C,
he pari ake te pikinga o te pikinga pāmahana o ngā pūtau patunga i tērā o ngā pūtau kua whakarārangihia, e tohu ana i te
te kukū nui ake o te mātotoru o roto. Kāore tēnei pānga kukū e pā noa ki te tere o te
te whai huatanga, engari ka whakateretere ake hoki i te pirau o te kiriata SEI, ā, ka whakaitihia te roa o te huringa.

2. Ngā Āhuatanga Hangarau me ngā Herenga Tere-Tiketike o te Hanganga o te Whara

Ko te tukanga takai te huarahi hangarau tino pakari i roto i te umanga pākahiko lithium, ā, he tino pai mō ngā pūtau porotaka me ētahi pūtau prismatic. Ko tōna āhuatanga matua ko te takai tonu o te cathode, te wehewehe, me te anode i roto i te raupapa o katote–wehewehe–anote–wehewehe hei hanga i tētahi hanganga porotaka-tire.

He maha ngā painga o tēnei hoahoa, tae atu ki he pai te whai huatanga o te hanga, he taputapu kua pakari, he utu ka taea te whakahaere, me te rite tonu.

Heoi, i raro i ngā tono tere teitei, he maha ngā herenga ā-tinana e pā ana ki ngā hanganga patunga e uaua ana ki te karo.

Tuatahi, ngā hoahoa ripa kotahi, ripa iti rānei ka arahi pea ki te kukū o te iahiko. Ina pā te iahiko nui ki roto i te pūtau, ka rere te iahiko mā roto i ngā rohe e tata ana ki ngā ripa, ka hangaia he wāhi wera ā-rohe.

Tuarua, te aroaro o tētahi te pokapū tuwhera ka whakaiti i te whakamahinga rōrahi, ka whakawhāiti i te wāhi mō te whakapai ake i te kiato pūngao.

Tuatoru, ko te piko o ngā rau hikohiko i te wā e takai ana ka whakauru ahotea miihini toenga, ka nui ake te tūponotanga o te maringi o ngā rauemi hohe i te wā e tere haere ana te huringa.

Ahakoa ka taea e ngā hangarau takai maha-ripanga me te piko-mua te whakamama i ētahi o ēnei raruraru, ka hua tonu i te hanganga ā-roto he ara kawe irahiko roa, ā, ka uaua ki te whakaiti i te ātete ā-roto. Nō reira, i roto i ngā tono e whai ana i te whainga matua ko te mahi tere teitei, ka āta whakarerekētia ngā hanganga pakaru ki ngā hanganga whakarārangi.

3. Ngā Painga Hanganga me te Pūtake Ā-tinana o ngā Pūhiko Ritiumu Whakarārangi

Ngā pākahiko lithium kua whakarārangihia ka hangaia mā te whakatakoto i ngā katote, ngā wehewehe, me ngā anote takitahi. Ko ō rātou painga matua kei roto i ngā ara o nāianei kua arotauhia a te tohatoha ahotea ōrite ake.

Tuatahi, mai i te tirohanga o te tohatoha o te au, ka whakamahia e ngā hanganga whakarārangi ngā ripa maha i te wā kotahi, e āhei ai te tohatoha o te iahiko kia ōrite ake puta noa i te papa hiko. Ka haere te iahiko mā roto i ngā papa hiko i te ahunga matotoru, ka whakapotohia te ara, ā, ka whakaitihia te ātete ohmic. I roto i ngā horopaki tukunga i runga ake nei 5C, ka tino kitea te hua o te whakapainga o te hekenga ngaohiko.

Tuarua, mō te whakahaere wera, mā te whakaritenga paparanga o te hanganga whakarārangi ka taea te whakaputa wera kia ōrite ake, me te whakakore hoki i te rohe kohikohi wera i puta mai i te matua tuwhera i roto i ngā pūtau patunga. Mā tēnei tohatoha wera ōrite ake ka whakaiti i te mōrearea o te wera nui ā-rohe, ā, ka whakarato i tētahi turanga papa wera pai ake mō te hoahoa pūnaha whakamatao wai taumata-mōhiohio, pūnaha whakamatao hau rānei.

Tuatoru, mō te pumau ā-pūkaha, ka karohia e ngā hanganga whakarārangi te piko o te hikohiko, ā, ka whakarato i te tohatoha ahotea ōrite ake.
I te wā e tere haere ana te huringa, ka piki ake te auau o te whānui me te whakahekenga o te hikohiko. Ka taea e te hoahoa whakarārangi te whakaiti i te mōrearea o te whakarerekētanga o te wehewehe me ngā ara iahiko poto-iti i puta mai i te kukū o te ahotea. E whakaatu ana ngā raraunga whakamātautau, i raro i te pūnaha rauemi kotahi, ko ngā pūtau whakarārangi te nuinga o te wā e whakaatu ana i te te reiti pupuri kaha neke atu i te 10% teitei ake i ngā pūtau patunga i roto i ngā whakamātautau huringa tere-tiketike.

4. Te Hiranga o te Kiato Pūngao me te Whakamahinga o te Wāhi i te Taumata-Pūnaha

I roto i te hoahoa pūnaha rokiroki pūngao, kāore te mātotoru pūngao e pā ki ngā tawhā o te pūtau kotahi anake, engari ki te hoahoa kāpata whānui me te ōhanga kaupapa. Ko te matua tuwhera o ngā pūtau kua pakaru ka whakaiti i te whakamahinga rōrahi, engari ko ngā hanganga kua whakarārangihia ka whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te whakakī wāhi mā te whakarārangi paparanga papatahi.

E whakaatu ana te ariā me te tono mahi ka taea e ngā hanganga whakarārangi te whakatutuki i te tata ki 5%–10% te teitei ake o te kiato pūngao rōrahi.

Mō ngā pūnaha rokiroki pūngao arumoni me ngā ahumahi, ko te whakamaoritanga o tēnei whakapainga ko:

• Teitei kWh/m³
• He hoahoa kāpata rokiroki kiato ake
• He iti ake ngā whakaritenga mō te wāhi rūma taputapu
• He pai ake te hanganga utu mō te kawe me te tāutanga

Ina tae te tauine pūnaha ki te Taumata MWh, ka taea te huri i te whakapainga o te whakamahinga o te wāhi i puta mai i ngā rerekētanga hanganga hei painga utu hangarau nui.

5. Ngā Wero Hangarau o te Tukanga Whakatakoto me ngā Auahatanga Ahumahi

Ko te tukanga whakarārangi e hiahia ana kia tino tika ngā taputapu, he puhoi ake te wā whakaputa i te takai, ā, he nui ake te haumitanga taputapu tuatahi. Heoi, i te pakeketanga o ngā mīhini whakarārangi tere-teitei, ngā pūnaha whakatikatika tirohanga, me ngā taputapu tapahi-me-rārangi whakauru, kua tino piki ake tōna whai huatanga. Kua tata kē te whai huatanga o te tāpae ki tērā o ngā tukanga takai.

Hei tāpiritanga, ko te putanga mai o hangarau hiko-maroke a ngā hangarau whakauru ranu-hau e āhei ana i ngā hanganga whakarārangi kia mau tonu ngā painga mahi me te āta whakawhāiti haere i te āputa utu.

Ehara i te mea ko te whakarārangi me te takai noa iho te whakataetae ā muri ake nei, engari ko te rapu i te taurite pai i waenga i te whai huatanga me te mahi whakaputa.

6. Mai i te Hanganga Pūtau ki te Whakaurunga Hangarau Taumata-Pūnaha

I roto i ngā tono rokiroki pūngao, me whai whakaaro ki te kōwhiringa hanganga pūtau me te hoahoa taumata-pūnaha.

He pai ake te mahi a ngā pūtau whakarārangi iti-ātete i roto i ngā horopaki whakawhanui whakarara, e tuku ana i te ōritetanga ngaohiko pai ake, ā, e māmā ake ai te mahi a te BMS. Te aromatawai SOC me te mana tauriteI taua wā anō, he pai ake te āhua o ō rātou āhuatanga tohatoha wera ki ngā tono utu/tuku tere o ngā pūnaha kaitahuri mana-tiketike.

I roto i tā mātou hoahoa pūnaha rokiroki pūngao modular, ka whakamahia e mātou he otinga pākahiko lithium-ion whakarārangi e whakakotahi ana i ngā hanganga pūtau mahi-teitei me te BMS atamai hei whakatutuki i te whakawhānui kaha ngāwari me te putanga tere teitei pumau. Ka tautoko te pūnaha i te utu me te tuku tere, he roa te huringa ora me te iti o te tiaki, ā, he pai mō te rokiroki pūngao arumoni me te ahumahi, te whakaurunga rokiroki-PV, me ngā tono hiko tārua mana-tiketike.

Ehara i te mea ka whakaiti noa te hoahoa modular i te pēhanga haumitanga o mua, engari ka whakangāwari ake hoki i te whakawhānui i te kaha ā muri ake nei.

7. Te Arorau Whakatau Hangarau mō te Kōwhiringa Hanganga

I roto i te mahi hangarau, me arotake whānui te kōwhiringa hanganga i runga i ngā āhuatanga e whai ake nei:

• Mena ko te tono te mea matua utu iti, ā, he aro nui ki te utu, he pai ngā painga o te hanganga o te patunga, arā, he pakari, he iti hoki te utu.
• Mena e hiahiatia ana e te pūnaha ngā pātere auau-teitei, te kaha ki te utu/tuku tere, te roa rānei o te ora huringa, he kaha ake ngā painga hangarau o te hanganga whakarārangi.
• Mena ka whai te kaupapa te kaha teitei me te hoahoa kiato ake, he pai ake te hanganga whakarārangihia e pā ana ki te whakamahinga o te wāhi me te whakahaere wera.

Ko te kaupapa matua o ngā tono tere teitei ko te mana matua kaua te kaha matua.
Ina neke te whāinga o te pūnaha mai i te rokiroki pūngao māmā ki te tautoko hiko me te urupare hihiri, ko te kōwhiringa o hanganga pākahiko me neke ki te ātete ā-roto iti ake, me te ōritetanga teitei ake.

Ko te Hanganga he Whakataetae i te Wā Tino-Tiketike

Me tona ngā ara iahiko poto ake, te tohatoha wera ōrite ake, me te pumau miihini pai ake, te pākahiko lithium kua whakarārangihia kei te whānui haere te whakamahi i roto i ngā tono tere teitei.

Mō ngā kamupene e whakamahere ana i ngā pūnaha rokiroki pūngao, e whakapai ake ana rānei i ā rātou hua, ehara i te mea he take hangarau anake te whiriwhiri i te hanganga pākahiko tika, engari he take anō hoki e pā ana ki te pono mō te wā roa me te hokinga mai o te haumitanga o te kaupapa.