Otinga Paparua Rā o te Teihana Tūāpapa

Ka whakakotahihia e ngā Otinga Papanga Rā o te Teihana Tūāpapa te āhua ma, te āhua hou o te pūngao rā me ngā whakaritenga mana teitei o ngā teihana tūāpapa whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, e tuku ana i ngā painga nui me ngā tūmanako whānui mō te tono.

Āhuatanga Matua:

• Kāore he motumotu i te pūnaha hiko o nāianei
• Te whakaurunga o ngā waeine whakaputa hiko photovoltaic ki roto i te hanganga tuku hiko o nāianei mā te hononga DC
• Te whakamahinga matua o te pūngao o te rā hei whakakaha i te kawenga

I. Ngā Wāhanga Pūnaha

Ko te pūnaha Papanga Rā o te Teihana Tūāpapa he mea hanga tuatahi ki tētahi huinga photovoltaic (ngā panera rā), he kaiwhakahaere rā (pēnei i te kaiwhakahaere MPPT), he pēke pākahiko pūngao hou, he whāriki whakairi photovoltaic, me ngā taura tohatoha hiko. Mā te mahi tahi, ka hangaia e ēnei wāhanga he pūnaha pūngao matomato porowhita kati tino whai hua, atamai, me te pono. Kua hangaia te hoahoa pūnaha hei whakataurite i te pai o te whakaputa hiko, te haumaru whakahaere, me te ngāwari o te tiaki, kia mau ai te tuku hiko pumau i roto i te whānuitanga o ngā taiao uaua.

II. Te Mātāpono Whakahaere

• Te Kohikohi Pūngao o te Rā: Ka whakaputahia e te huinga photovoltaic (ngā panera rā) te iahiko tika (DC) ina pāngia e te rā.
• Te Huringa Mana: Ka hurihia e te pūmana aroturuki ira mana mōrahi (MPPT) te mana DC i hangaia e te huinga photovoltaic me te whakahaere i te ngaohiko putanga me te ia kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga mana o te teihana turanga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero.
• Te Rokiroki Pūngao: Ka tukuna tuatahitia te pūngao hiko kua hurihia ki te teihana whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, ko te toenga ka rongoatia ki roto i tētahi pēke pākahiko hei whakamahi i ngā wā kāore he rā e whiti ana, i te wā rānei e hiahiatia ana te hiko nui.
• Aroturuki Maamaa: Kei te pūnaha ngā āheinga aroturuki mamao, e āhei ai te aroturuki wā-tūturu i te tūnga whakahaere o te pūnaha hiko o te rā me te putanga hiko kia mau ai te mahi me te tuku hiko whai hua.

III. Ngā Āhuatanga Otinga

Kua whakamātauhia e tēnei otinga tōna pumau me tōna ngāwari ki te urutau i roto i ngā taiao uaua maha. Ahakoa i roto i ngā tāone nui e nohoia ana e te tini tāngata, i ngā rohe tūmatanui kāore he hiko whatunga, i runga rānei i ngā pourewa whakawhitiwhiti kōrero he iti te wāhi, ka taea te whakatinanatanga whai hua me te mahi pumau.

• Teitei o te Whai Hua me te Penapena Pūngao: Mā te whakamahi i te aratau tuku hiko DC tika, ka karohia e te otinga ngā ngaronga tahuritanga AC-DC tae atu ki te 15% e kitea ana i roto i ngā pūnaha AC tuku iho. Ko te whai huatanga hononga whānui he ≥95%, me te whai huatanga ine mōrahi tae atu ki te 98.3%. Ka taea e tētahi wāhi noa te penapena tata ki te 2,920 kWh o te hiko ia tau, me te pikinga o ngā hua whakaputa hiko mā te 10%–30% ki te whakataurite ki ngā otinga AC.
• Te Whakaiti i ngā Utu: Ka taea te whakaiti i ngā utu hiko ā-tau mō ia wāhi ki te 12,000 yuan, me te wā whakahoki moni mō te 5.5 tau pea; ka whakapotohia anō tēnei wā ina honoa ki ngā tautoko ā-rohe. Kāore e hiahiatia he whakaaetanga hononga whatunga, ā, ka māmā ake te tukanga whakatinanatanga, ka tino whakaiti i ngā utu tauwhitinga ture.
• Teitei o te Pono: I raro i ngā āhuatanga o te awatea, ka taea e te pūnaha te pupuri i te tuku hiko i te wā e motu ana te whatunga hiko; ina honoa ki te rokiroki hiko, ka taea te pupuri i ngā mahi mō ngā rā neke atu i te 3.5 i te wā kapua, ua rānei. E whakaatu ana ngā whakamātautau parae i te hekenga neke atu i te 80% o ngā hiahia whakaputa hiko ohorere, e whakaiti ana i te mōrearea o ngā motuhanga o ngā teihana me te whakarite kia haere tonu te mahi a te whatunga.
• Ngā Painga Taiao Tino Pai: E matapaetia ana ka whakaputahia e te teihana kotahi e 18 ngā waeine SPV te 7,671 kWh ia tau, he rite ki te whakaiti i te 4.374 tana o ngā tukunga hauhā waro; hei tauira, mā te whakamahi i tētahi kaupapa porowini puta noa i Liaoning, ka taea te whakaiti i ngā tukunga waro ia tau mā te 267,000 tana, ka whai wāhi nui ki te taiao.
• He Māmā te Tāutanga me te Kaha o te Urutau: Ka taea te whakaoti i te tukanga whakahou me te kore e motu te hiko, ā, he hototahi ki ngā pūnaha hiko o nāianei mai i ngā kaihanga me ngā tauira rerekē. He pai mō ngā momo āhuatanga tāutanga, tae atu ki ngā tuanui, ngā mata o te pourewa, me ngā whata e mau ana ki te whenua, e tuku ana i te ngāwari o te whakatinanatanga.
• Te Whakaritenga Kaupapa Here Kaha: Kāore te tauira "whakaputa-ake-mō-te-whakamahi-ake" e pāngia e ngā here whakaaetanga hononga whatunga. E tutuki ana i te whakaritenga whāinga a te Manatū Ahumahi me te Hangarau Mōhiohio kia neke atu i te 30% te kapinga PV mō ngā teihana turanga hou, e hangai ana ki te aronga kaupapa here ā-motu mō te whanaketanga pūngao tohatoha, ā, e āwhina ana i te whakatinanatanga tere, whānui hoki.

IV. Tauira Taupānga

He pai te pūnaha Papanga Rā o te Teihana Tūāpapa mō ngā āhuatanga teihana tūāpapa whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, tae atu ki ngā teihana tūāpapa whānui, ngā teihana tūāpapa iti, me ngā teihana tūāpapa 4G/5G. E whakaatu ana tēnei pūnaha i ōna painga ahurei, inā koa i ngā wāhi tūmatanui kāore e wātea ana te whatunga hiko ā-motu, kāore rānei i te pumau te tuku hiko. Mā te tauira whakamahinga hiko atamai o te "whakaputa-ake me te whakamahinga-ake me te whakamahinga ā-rohe," ka whakaitihia e tēnei otinga te whakawhirinaki ki te whatunga hiko, ā, ka whakarato tautoko hiko pumau me te pono mō ngā teihana tūāpapa whakawhitiwhiti kōrero.

V. Te Whakarōpūtanga o ngā Otinga Motuhake

1. Whakarōpūtanga mā te Horopaki Tāutanga me te Whakamahinga Wāhi

Otinga Whakatakoto Papa

• Ngā Horopaki e Pā Ana: Ngā teihana turanga makro me ngā pūnga whakahiato kei runga i ngā tuanui o ngā rūma taputapu motuhake, i runga rānei i ngā whata tūmau.
• Ngā Āhuatanga: Ka whakamahi i te wāhi noho kore i runga i te tuanui o te rūma taputapu hei tāuta i ngā waeine PV. Koinei te momo whakarārangi tuku iho, he māmā noa te hanganga; heoi, ko te kaha tāutanga he iti noa iho i te whānuitanga o te tuanui me te kaha kawe kawenga.

Otinga Whakatakoto Pourewa/Mau

• Ngā Horopaki e Pā Ana: Ngā wāhi tāone nui te taupori, ngā rohe kāore i te nui te whenua, me ngā wāhi kāpata o waho kāore he rūma taputapu motuhake.
• Ngā Āhuatanga: Ka tāutahia ngā kōwae photovoltaic ki runga poutū, ki te koki rānei i te tinana o ngā pourewa whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, ngā pou tautoko, ngā uhi ataahua rānei (arā, "te whakarārangi pourewa iti").
• Ngā Painga: Kāore e nohoia he wāhi whenua, he wāhi tuanui rānei, e whakatau ana i te wero "kore whenua e wātea ana" i ngā tāone nui; he pai te ātete o te tāutanga poutū ki te hau, ā, he iti ake te tūponotanga ki te kohikohi puehu.

Otinga Whakatakoto Pakitara/Mata

• Ngā Horopaki e Pā Ana: Ngā mata poutū pēnei i ngā pakitara o waho o te rūma taputapu, ngā pakitara taha o te papa, me ngā ārai haruru.
• Ngā Āhuatanga: Ka whakamahi i ngā mata whare poutū e karapoti ana i te papaanga hei tāuta i ngā panera PV hei puna hiko tāpiri.

2. Whakarōpūtanga mā te Tikanga Hononga Hiko

Hononga DC / Whakatakotoranga DC Tika

• Mātāpono: Ka hurihia tika te iahiko tika (DC) e whakaputaina ana e te pūnaha PV ki te DC paerewa -48V e hiahiatia ana e ngā taputapu whakawhitiwhiti kōrero mā te kaiwhakahaere whakarārangi DC (kaitahuri DC/DC) ka tukuna ki te pae pahi DC o te papa.
• āhuatanga:
• Te tino whai huatanga: Ka whakakore i ngā ngaronga pūngao mai i te tukanga tahuritanga tuarua "DC-AC-DC".
• Ngāwari ki te Whakatinana: Kāore he take ki te whakarerekē i te hoahoa hiko AC o nāianei; ka hono tika i te taha whakarara ki te pūnaha hiko whakawhiti, ka taea te "mono-ā-ringa".
• Kōwhiringa Matua: Ko te huarahi tino noa i tēnei wā mō ngā whakahoutanga penapena hiko mō ngā teihana tūāpapa whakawhitiwhiti kōrero.

Otinga Whakatakotoranga AC (Hononga AC)

• Mātāpono: Ka hurihia te mana PV ki te AC mā te inverter, ka tukuna ki te papa tohatoha AC o te papaanga, kātahi ka hurihia ki te DC mā te waeine whakatikatika hei whakakaha i te kawenga.
• Ngā Āhuatanga: He pai mō ngā wāhi nunui, mō ngā āhuatanga rānei e hiahia ana kia tukuna te hiko i te wā kotahi ki ngā kawenga AC pēnei i te hauhautanga; heoi, he iti ake te whai huatanga i te hononga DC ina whakamahia ngā kawenga e pā ana ki te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero anake.

3. Whakarōpūtanga mā te Mahi Pūnaha me ngā Whāinga Whanaketanga

Otinga Whakatakotoranga PV Taketake

• Whāinga: He penapena hiko anake.
• Ngā Wāhanga: Ngā kōwae PV + te kaiwhakahaere whakarārangi PV.
• Arorau: Ka whakamahi i te hiko PV ina wātea te rā, ā, ka hoki aunoa ki te hiko whatunga ina kore. Ka whakaiti i ngā utu hiko (OPEX).

Otinga Whakatakotoranga PV +

• Whāinga: Penapena pūngao + whakarei ake i te mana tārua.
• Ngā Wāhanga: Pūhiko PV + pākahiko lithium-ion/pūmana whakarārangi PV + pūnaha whakahaere pūngao atamai.
• Arorau: Ko te mana PV te mea nui mō ngā kawenga, me te hiko nui e rongoa ana i roto i ngā pākahiko lithium; i te wā e motu ana te whatunga hiko, ka tukuna te hiko e ngā pākahiko. Mā tēnei ka taea te "whakapaipai i te wā tino pukumahi me te whakakī i te awaawa" (te utu i ngā wā kore-pukumahi mā te whakamahi i te mana whatunga iti-utu, te PV rānei, me te tuku i te hiko i ngā wā tino pukumahi) ā, ka roa ake te wā whakahaere tārua.

Otinga Whakauru PV-Rokiroki-Tīhiera/PV-Rokiroki-Whatunga (Otinga Whakauru Ranu)

• Whāinga: Te pumau rawa atu me te pono teitei (E whakamahia whānuitia ana i ngā wāhi he iti te hiko, he wāhi rānei e nui ana te whakamahi hiko o te 5G).
• Ngā Wāhanga: PV + Pūnaha Rokiroki Pūngao + Pūnaha Tukunga Atamai (tērā pea kei roto ko te atanga whakaputa hiko tīhiera).
• Arorau: Ka tukuna marietia e te EMS ngā pūtake pūngao e whā: PV, rokiroki, whatunga hiko (pūngao ratonga), me te tīhiera (pūkaha whakaputa hiko).